Geology
Articles in this section
Rocks and Minerals Guide: Formation, Classification, and Geological Significance
Explore the formation and classification of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks, the properties of minerals, and …
Plate Tectonics Guide: Continental Drift, Plate Boundaries, and Earth's Dynamic Interior
Understand the theory of plate tectonics, from continental drift and seafloor spreading to the types of plate boundaries …
Volcano and Earthquake Science: Seismology, Volcanology, and Geological Hazards
Discover the science behind volcanoes and earthquakes, from the physics of seismic waves and eruption dynamics to …
Igneous Rocks Guide: Formation, Classification, and Geological Significance
Explore igneous rocks from magma formation and volcanic eruptions to the classification of intrusive and extrusive rocks …
Sedimentary Rocks Guide: Formation, Types, and Environmental Records
Explore sedimentary rocks from weathering and erosion through deposition and lithification to the classification of …
Metamorphic Rocks: Transformation Through Heat Pressure and Chemical Processes
Explore metamorphic rocks and the processes of metamorphism from contact and regional metamorphism to foliation and the …
Mineral Properties Guide: Identifying Minerals Through Physical and Chemical Characteristics
Explore mineral properties from hardness luster and color to crystal habit cleavage and streak and learn how these …
Gemstones and Geology: Formation Sources and Identification of Precious Stones
Explore the geology of gemstones from diamond and ruby formation to the geological environments that produce precious …
Fossil Formation and Geology: How Fossils Preserve Earth's Biological History
Explore fossil formation from permineralization and molds to carbonization and trace fossils and learn how geological …
Geological Time Scale: Divisions of Earth History and Major Events
Explore the geological time scale from the Hadean Eon through the present day including the major divisions eras periods …
Mountain Building Geology: Orogeny and the Formation of Mountain Belts
Explore the geology of mountain building from convergent plate boundaries and continental collision to fold and thrust …
Erosion Geology: Processes of Surface Wear Transport and Landscape Evolution
Explore erosion geology from water and wind erosion to glacial and coastal processes and how erosion shapes landscapes …
River Geology Systems: Fluvial Processes Channel Forms and Floodplain Dynamics
Explore river geology from channel formation and sediment transport to floodplain development delta formation and the …
Glacial Geology: Ice Sheets Glacial Processes and Landscape Formation
Explore glacial geology from glacier formation and movement to glacial erosion and deposition processes and the …
Desert Geology: Arid Landscapes Dune Formation and Wind Processes
Explore desert geology from the formation of sand dunes and desert pavements to the role of water in arid landscapes and …
Coastal Geology: Shoreline Processes Landforms and Sea Level Change
Explore coastal geology from wave dynamics and sediment transport to beach formation barrier islands and the response of …
Economic Geology: Mineral Resources Ore Deposits and Exploration
Explore economic geology from the formation of mineral deposits and ore genesis to exploration methods mining techniques …
Engineering Geology: Applying Geological Principles to Civil Engineering and Infrastructure
Explore engineering geology from site investigation and soil mechanics to slope stability foundation geology and …