Major Philosophies
Articles in this section
Stoicism Guide: Marcus Aurelius, Seneca, and the Art of Resilience
A comprehensive guide to Stoic philosophy covering its origins in ancient Greece, core teachings on virtue and …
Existentialism Guide: Sartre, Camus, and the Philosophy of Freedom
An in-depth exploration of existentialist philosophy covering Jean-Paul Sartre's radical freedom, Albert Camus's …
Pragmatism Guide: James, Dewey, and the Philosophy of Practical Consequences
An exploration of American pragmatism covering Charles Sanders Peirce, William James, and John Dewey, with emphasis on …
Confucianism Guide: The Way of Harmony, Virtue, and Social Order
A comprehensive guide to Confucianism examining the life and teachings of Confucius, the Five Classics and Four Books, …
Taoism Philosophy: The Way of Nature, Spontaneity, and Non-Action
An in-depth exploration of Taoist philosophy examining the Tao Te Ching, the concept of wu-wei, the Zhuangzi's parables, …
Buddhist Philosophy: Suffering, Emptiness, and the Path to Liberation
An exploration of Buddhist philosophy examining the Four Noble Truths, the doctrine of no-self, Madhyamaka emptiness, …
Idealism Guide: Mind, Consciousness, and the Nature of Reality
A comprehensive exploration of philosophical idealism examining Berkeley's subjective idealism, Kant's transcendental …
Materialism Philosophy: Matter, Physicalism, and the Scientific Worldview
An examination of philosophical materialism from ancient atomism through Hobbes and Marx to contemporary physicalism, …
Rationalism Guide: Reason as the Foundation of Knowledge
A comprehensive guide to rationalist philosophy examining Descartes's foundationalism, Spinoza's geometric method, …
Empiricism Guide: Experience, Observation, and the Origins of Knowledge
A comprehensive guide to empiricist philosophy examining Locke's tabula rasa, Berkeley's immaterialism, Hume's radical …
Skepticism Guide: The Limits of Knowledge and the Art of Doubt
An exploration of philosophical skepticism from Pyrrho and Sextus Empiricus through Descartes and Hume to contemporary …
Nihilism Guide: The Abyss of Meaninglessness and the Will to Create Value
A comprehensive examination of philosophical nihilism covering its origins in Nietzsche's death of God, the varieties of …
Anarchism Philosophy: Freedom, Authority, and the Critique of Domination
A comprehensive exploration of anarchist philosophy covering its origins in Proudhon and Bakunin, the distinction …
Liberalism Philosophy: Rights, Liberty, and the Liberal Tradition
An in-depth guide to liberalism as a philosophical tradition covering its origins in Locke and Kant, the distinction …
Conservatism Philosophy: Tradition, Order, and the Limits of Rational Reform
A comprehensive exploration of conservatism as a philosophical tradition examining Edmund Burke's critique of the French …
Socialism Philosophy: Equality, Community, and the Critique of Capitalism
An in-depth examination of socialist philosophy covering its origins in Fourier and Owen, Marx and Engels's scientific …
Existential Phenomenology: Lived Experience and the Structures of Consciousness
A comprehensive guide to existential phenomenology covering Edmund Husserl's transcendental phenomenology, Martin …
Hedonism Guide: Pleasure, Pain, and the Pursuit of Happiness
An exploration of hedonism as a philosophical position covering Aristippus and the Cyrenaics, Epicurus and his garden, …